Week 10 Post 1

Week 10 video 1
-phase 1 metabolic reactions specifically oxidation
-sp3 hybridized carbons includes dealkylation and alcohol oxidation
-sp2 hybridized carbón mostly alkenes and aromatic rings in videos mostly aromatic rings
-heteroatoms (non carbon)
-starting in nitrogen dealkylation oxidation
-visualized as a removal of a carbon group from a nitrogen atom
-used with small alkyl groups, and carry prefix nor-
-same can happen on oxygen atoms, the carbon Group is removed
-involves small alkyl groups and uses prefix desmethyl
-alcohol oxidation is very common
-primary alcohols oxidize to a carboxylic acid
-secondary alcohols to a ketone
-sp2 hybridization ex benzene
-when nitrogen are oxidized form a n-oxide
-sulfur also is very easily oxidized
-forms sulfoxide which can turn to sulfones

Video 2
-phase 1 covers oxidation, reduction, and hydroleses
-reductions are the opposite of oxidations
-ketones/aldehydes to alcohols
-the ketone of warfarin is reduced to provide an alcohol
-acid derivatives are untouched
-eaters are hydrolysis instead of reduction
-nitro groups are reduced to aniline
-anilines are toxic
-esters are usually hydrolysised
-Usually happens in the plasma
-only sometimes in liver
-amide is hydrolysis, some by fatty acids
-also in plasma more then in liver

Video 3
-phase 2 reactions include reactions that convert toxic compounds from phase 1 to safe compounds that can be removed from the body
-goal is to make it more polar and so it can be carried by the plasma and then filtered by kidneys
-typically conjugation reactions
-the 4 main ones are acetylations, sulfonations, glucuronidations, and one with glutathione
-acetylation mostly affects anilines which are toxic
-the body caps it with a acetyl group and detoxify the molecule
-done with anilines and other aromatic amines
-sulfunation occurs on phenols
-also can be toxic
-Product is an ester of a sulfate
-again is more polar and can travel through the plasma to the kidneys
-glucuronidation involves glicuronic acid, which is an oxidation product of glucose
-it is very polar
-conj with glutathione
-oxidation loses electrons
-very complex, eventually becomes polar


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